Literature 95

#THE_BEGINNING_OF   #DRAMA The English drama was brought to England by the Romans.the drama was chosen to educate the masses about various religious happenings. The drama originated to depict biblical scenes as most people could not understand the bible which was written in Latin .So,plays ( without dialogues or costumes) were performed in churches on special occasions. Drama or a play is an adaptation to entertain the crowd in Greek, Roman and Indian civilizations. Gradually, it spread to other parts of the world and has become a major genre in literature. Romans influence over the English is predominant, when it comes to the development and rise of English drama. The introduction of Christianity and Latin language made it necessary for people to understand the Bible in Latin. However, education of noble languages like Latin was confined only to the nobles and members of the Church. This has led to the development of preliminary drama, which was in control of the Church than pr

THE_TEMPEST by William Shakespeare SHORT_QUESTIONS_AND_ANSWERS 1. What services does Ariel perform for Prospero? Ariel is an airy spirit or spirit of the sea. He does every task from Prospero willingly, quickly and with enthusiasm and he reports any activity he observes. 2. Who dethrones Prospero and why? Antonio the younger brother of Prospero with help of Alonso who is the friend of Antonio and king of Naples dethrone him because his brother is jealous, greedy and power thirsty. 3. What is the reaction of Prospero when he notices Ferdinand in love with Marinda? When Prospero notices Ferdinand in love with Marinda he speaks to himself and says “The real Duke of Milan and his far finer daughter could beat you in a heartbeat, if it were the right time”. And for examining his love for Marinda, he forced Ferdinand to do the hard work of logs stack. 4. How was Caliban be gotten? Caliban is son of the witch Sycorax and his mother has died, when Prospero came Caliban is the

"Literature and Life" by Phillips Brooks  Life comes before literature, as the material always comes before the work. The hills are full of marble before the world blooms with statues. The forests are full of trees before the sea is thick with ships. So the world abounds in life before men begin to reason and describe and analyze and sing, and literature is born. The fact and the action must come first. This is true in every kind of literature. The mind and its workings are before the metaphysician. Beauty and romance antedate the poet. The nations rise and fall before the historian tells their story. Nature’s profusion exists before the first scientific book is written. Even the facts of mathematics must be true before the first diagram is drawn for their demonstration.

John Keats' Letter to Fanny Brawne My love has made me selfish. I cannot exist without you – I am forgetful of every thing but seeing you again – my Life seems to stop there – I see no further. You have absorb’d me. I have a sensation at the present moment as though I was dissolving – I should be exquisitely miserable without the hope of soon seeing you … I have been astonished that Men could die Martyrs for religion – I have shudder’d at it – I shudder no more – I could be martyr’d for my Religion – Love is my religion – I could die for that – I could die for you. (John Keats) 13 October 1819 THE BEST POEMS OF JOHN KEATS John Keats (1795-1821) died when he was just twenty-five years old, but he left behind a substantial body of work, considering he died so young. Nevertheless, a number of his poems immediately suggest themselves as being among the ‘best’ of his work. ‘Ode to Psyche’. The earliest of Keats’s 1819 odes, ‘Ode to Psyche’ is about the Greek embodiment of th

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                        Othello by William Shakespeare Introduction: "Othello", is tragic play written by William Shakespeare, the greatest English Playwright ever. Shakespeare draws our attention to the minutes of life which are often neglected though they always prove pivotal in carving our fates and ruining of our lives. The tale of Othello is full of such horrors which root back to the basics of human psychology. However, pride, fear, jealousy, revenge and love are the prime themes of this play.  Othello is a simple yet brave soldier, a general indeed. He falls for he acts without inquiry for the natural inquisitiveness and misgivings of the heart which are common to the lovers. But for Othello nothing goes lucky to restore the normal course of life and love, he plunges and nobody stops nor is there any stroke of happy coincidence to save his happiness. Short Summary: The story is all about the swiftness of action, aloofness, inaction and vulne

The Essential Elements of a Short Story Introduction      A short story is a piece of prose fiction intended to be read in a single sitting and designed to produce a single effect. It emerged from earlier oral story telling traditions in the 17th century. Edger Allan Poe is commonly known as the father of modern short story. Other famous short story writers include; Anton Chekhov, Franz Kafka, Mark Twain, O.Henry, Ernest Hemingway, Oscar Wilde, Guy de Maupassant and William Faulkner etc. A short story has a limited setting, and usually focuses on on plot, one conflict, one event, one main character, and one central theme. It is significantly shorter and less elaborate than a novel. Unlike drama, it has no limitation of stage and evolution of characters. 1. Single Effect     A short story is intended to be read in a single sitting to produce a single effect. "Single sitting" means not much longer than an hour. The single effect which might be called the sing

SYMBOLISM IN "THE CHERRY ORCHARD" BY ANTON CHEKHOV Introduction      "The Cherry Orchard" by Anton Chekhov is a play that has been performed in a variety of ways and is classified as a play that uses symbols. In drama, a symbol can be anything used within the play itself to draw an association with something else. For instance, a dramatist could use a rose within the story to represent love between two characters. He could use the house where the characters live to represent the state of their emotional lives. There is a large degree of artistic license when it comes to symbolism in drama, but generally it is used to convey an underlying meaning or association. The major symbols used in the play "The Cherry Orchard" are" the cherry orchard, the nursery, the bookcase, dropped purse, breaking string, Varya's keys, and Fier's death etc.  The Cherry Orchard      The central symbol of "The Cherry Orchard" as the tit