Description of Phoneme, Phone, Allophone and Morpheme

-

Description of Phoneme, Phone, Allophone and Morpheme!!!!

Phoneme 


A phoneme is a basic element of a spoken language or dialect, from which words in that language or dialect are analyzed as being built up. The phoneme is defined by the International Phonetic Association as "the smallest segmental unit of sound employed to form meaningful contrasts between utterances".
Within linguistics there are differing views as to exactly what phonemes are and how a given language should be analyzed in phonemic terms. However a phoneme is generally regarded as an abstraction of a set (or equivalence class) of speech sounds (phones) which are perceived as equivalent to each other in a given language. For example, in English, the "k" sounds in the words kit and skill are not identical but they are perceived as the same sound by speakers of the language, and are therefore both considered to represent a single phoneme, /k/. Different speech sounds representing the same phoneme are known as allophones. Thus phonemes are often considered to provide an underlying representation for words, while speech sounds make up the corresponding surface form.

Phone

It is a speech sound or gesture considered a physical event without regard to its place in the phonology of a language. It is a speech segment that possesses distinct physical or perceptual properties. It is the basic unit revealed via phonetic speech analysis

Allophone

 It is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or phones) used to pronounce a single phoneme. For example, [pʰ] (as in pin) and [p] (as in spin) are allophones for the phoneme /p/ in the English language. Although a phoneme's allophones are all alternative pronunciations for a phoneme, the specific allophone selected in a given situation is often predictable. Changing the allophone used by native speakers for a given phoneme in a specific context usually will not change the meaning of a word but the result may sound non-native or unintelligible. Native speakers of a given language usually perceive one phoneme in their language as a single distinctive sound in that language and are "both unaware of and even shocked by" the allophone variations used to pronounce single phonemes.

Morpheme

The word is the basic unit which relates the grammar of a language to its vocabulary. Words have internal structure which indicates their grammatical identity (e.g. that the word is plural, or past tense) and their lexical identity (e.g. that the word unhappiness is a noun with negative meaning referring to emotions).  Words are composed of morphemes. A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning. Some words consist of just one morpheme; some consist of several.

We can easily recognise such constructions as mats, artists, artistic. national, childishness, unmoved, denationalization,  highway, footpath as words. Difficulty arises when we try to define these constructions - but all the same they can be recognised. They have meaning which is independent of the meaning of other words. They convey the meaning in the same way as the following words: Sky, water, hill, cousin, mango, walk, sew, autumn and tap.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

MAJOR THEMATIC CONCERNS IN ONE DAY IN THE LIFE OF IVAN DENISOVICH

-
MAJOR THEMATIC CONCERNS IN  ONE DAY IN THE LIFE OF IVAN DENISOVICH 1. Dignity      The efforts of the prisoners, and most of all those of  Shukhov , to retain elements of human dignity is among the most important themes in the novel. Despite the barbaric living conditions in the  Stalinist labor camp  in which they are imprisoned, those living there manage to treat each other with respect and even kindness. The stark contrast between the inhumane circumstances in which they find themselves living on 200 grams of bread and sleeping on bare mattresses with holes, highlights the ability of human beings to overcome terrible obstacles in the struggle for dignity and recognition. While the camp officials insist upon calling prisoners by number, which is why Shukhov is referred to as No. 854, the prisoners themselves do not simply repeat this bureaucratic and dehumanizing convention, but rather seek to build alliances and to appreciate individual differences.  2. Power       G
Read more

Poetry’s definition

-
Poetry’s definition :  1. Percy Bysshe Shelley : There are a few more choice snippets from Shelley’s 1821 essay, A Defence of Poetry, that articulated the essence of poetry: “Poetry, in a general sense, may be defined to be ‘the expression of the imagination’: and poetry is connate with the origin of man.” “Poetry is a mirror which makes beautiful that which is distorted.” 2. Robert Frost : “Poetry is when an emotion has found its thought and the thought has found words.” “Poetry is what gets lost in translation.” 3. Salvatore Quasimodo : “Poetry is the revelation of a feeling that the poet believes to be interior and personal which the reader recognizes as his own.” 4. Edgar Allan Poe : “I would define, in brief, the Poetry of words as the Rhythmical Creation of Beauty. Its sole arbiter is taste. With the intellect or with the conscience, it has only collateral relations. Unless incidentally, it has no concern whatever either with duty or with truth.” 5. T.S.
Read more

100 Stunning Fact of English Literature

-
100 Stunning Facts of English Literature: 1. Chaucer lived during the reigns of – Edward III, Richard II and Henry IV 2. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales was written in – 1385 onwards 3. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales belongs to – 3rd Period of Chaucer’s literary career 4. Norman Conquest took place in – 1066 (11th Century) 5. Wyclif’s Bible was published in – 1380 6. William Langland’s The Vision of William concerning Piers the Plowman was written in – 1362-90 7. The Travels of Sir John Maundeville was published in - 1400 8. The Hundred Years’ War was begun in – 1338 (14th Century) 9. The Hundred Years’ War was fought between – England and France 10. Wat Tyler’s Rebellion took place in - 1381 11. The War of Roses was fought between – The House of York and the House of Lancaster 12. The War of Roses was fought during the period – 1455-86 13. Thomas Malory’s Morte De Arthur was written in – 1470 (published in 1485) 14. Caxton’s Printing Press was set up in – 1476 15.
Read more